Hyphenation ofleerling-journalist
Syllable Division:
leer-ling-jour-na-list
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/ˈlɛːrlɪŋ.jɔr.na.lɪst/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
01011
Primary stress falls on the 'na' syllable (second syllable of 'journalist'), following the general Dutch rule of penultimate stress.
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, containing a long vowel.
Closed syllable, containing the /ŋ/ phoneme.
Open syllable.
Open syllable, stressed.
Closed syllable.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix:
None
Root: leerling, journalist
Both are roots; 'leerling' is Germanic, 'journalist' is French/Italian derived.
Suffix:
None
A person who is studying to become a journalist, or a journalist who is still a student.
Translation: Student journalist
Examples:
"De leerling-journalist interviewde de burgemeester."
"Ze is een ambitieuze leerling-journalist."
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Compound noun with similar syllabic structure and stress pattern.
Compound noun, demonstrating typical Dutch syllabification.
Longer compound noun, illustrating potential stress variations but still adhering to core syllabification principles.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Open Syllable Preference
Dutch prioritizes creating open syllables (ending in a vowel) whenever possible.
Consonant Cluster Division
Consonant clusters are split to form syllables, but digraphs are kept together.
Compound Word Syllabification
Each component of a compound word is syllabified independently.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
The 'ng' cluster in 'leerling' is treated as a single phoneme /ŋ/ for syllabification.
Compound words can exhibit slight stress variations depending on emphasis, but the general penultimate stress rule applies.
Summary:
The word 'leerling-journalist' is a compound noun syllabified into leer-ling-jour-na-list, with primary stress on the 'na' syllable. It follows Dutch rules prioritizing open syllables and independent syllabification of compound parts. The morphemes are 'leerling' (student) and 'journalist' (journalist).
Detailed Analysis:
Dutch Word Analysis: leerling-journalist
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "leerling-journalist" is a compound noun in Dutch, meaning "student journalist". It's pronounced with a relatively straightforward syllabic structure, though the compound nature introduces considerations. The 'g' is a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/, and the 'j' is pronounced as /j/.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Dutch syllabification rules, which prioritize open syllables (syllables ending in a vowel) whenever possible, and respecting consonant clusters, the division is as follows (see JSON output for the orthographic representation).
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- leerling: Root. Origin: Germanic. Function: Noun, meaning "student" or "pupil".
- journalist: Root. Origin: French (journaliste), ultimately from Italian (giornalista). Function: Noun, meaning "journalist".
- The hyphen indicates a compound word formation.
4. Stress Identification:
Dutch stress is generally on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable of a word. In this case, the primary stress falls on "nal" in "jour-na-list".
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/ˈlɛːrlɪŋ.jɔr.na.lɪst/
6. Edge Case Review:
Compound words in Dutch can sometimes exhibit stress shifts depending on the emphasis desired. However, the standard stress pattern remains on the penultimate syllable of the second constituent.
7. Grammatical Role:
"Leerling-journalist" functions solely as a noun. There are no syllabification or stress shifts based on grammatical function.
8. Definition & Semantics:
- Definition: A person who is studying to become a journalist, or a journalist who is still a student.
- Grammatical Category: Noun (de leerling-journalist)
- Translation: Student journalist
- Synonyms: student-verslaggever (student reporter)
- Antonyms: ervaren journalist (experienced journalist)
- Examples:
- "De leerling-journalist interviewde de burgemeester." (The student journalist interviewed the mayor.)
- "Ze is een ambitieuze leerling-journalist." (She is an ambitious student journalist.)
9. Phonological Comparison:
- voetballer: /ˈvut.bɑ.lər/ - Syllable division: voet-bal-ler. Similar structure with compound roots. Stress on the penultimate syllable.
- schooltas: /ˈskoːl.tɑs/ - Syllable division: school-tas. Compound noun, stress on the penultimate syllable.
- computerwinkel: /kɔm.ˈpyu.tər.ʋɪŋ.kəl/ - Syllable division: com-pu-ter-win-kel. Compound noun, stress on the antepenultimate syllable (due to the 'pu' syllable being more prominent). This demonstrates that while penultimate stress is common, it's not absolute.
10. Syllable Division Rules Applied:
- Rule 1: Open Syllable Preference: Dutch favors open syllables (ending in a vowel). This is applied throughout the word.
- Rule 2: Consonant Cluster Division: Consonant clusters are generally split to create syllables, but keeping digraphs together.
- Rule 3: Compound Word Syllabification: Each component of a compound word is syllabified independently before being combined.
11. Special Considerations:
The 'ng' cluster in "leerling" is treated as a single unit for syllabification, as it represents a single phoneme /ŋ/.
12. Alternative Pronunciations/Regional Variations:
Regional variations in vowel pronunciation exist in Dutch, but they do not significantly affect the syllabification.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of splitting words into syllables and inserting hyphens between them to facilitate the reading of a text. It is also used to divide words when the word cannot fit on a line.
This technique is particularly helpful in fully justified texts, where it aids in creating a uniform edge along both sides of a paragraph. Hyphenation rules vary among languages and even among different publications within the same language. It's a critical component in typesetting, significantly influencing the aesthetics and readability of printed and digital media. For instance, in compound adjectives like 'long-term solution', hyphens clarify relationships between words, preventing misinterpretation. Moreover, hyphenation can alter meanings: 'recreation' differs from 're-creation'.
With the advent of digital text, hyphenation algorithms have become more sophisticated, though still imperfect, sometimes requiring manual adjustment to ensure accuracy and coherence in text layout. Understanding and correctly applying hyphenation rules is therefore not only a matter of linguistic accuracy but also a key aspect of effective visual communication.