Hyphenation ofwaarschijnlijkheden

Linguistic Analysis of "waarschijnlijkheden" (Dutch)

1. Examination & Pronunciation:

The word "waarschijnlijkheden" (probabilities) is a complex noun in Dutch, derived from the adjective "waarschijnlijk" (probable) with the addition of the plural noun suffix "-heden". Its pronunciation involves several consonant clusters and vowel qualities typical of Dutch.

2. Syllable Division:

Following Dutch syllabification rules, the word breaks down as follows (using only original letters): wa-ar-schijn-lijk-he-den

3. Morphemic Analysis:

• Prefix: waar- (origin: Middle Dutch, meaning 'true', 'real'). Function: Adverbial particle, intensifying the adjective.
• Root: schijn- (origin: Old Dutch scīnan, related to 'shine', 'appear'). Function: Core meaning relating to appearance or semblance.
• Suffix: -lijk (origin: Middle Dutch, -lic). Function: Adjectival suffix, forming adjectives from nouns or verbs (similar to English '-ly').
• Suffix: -heden (origin: Middle Dutch, -heden). Function: Noun suffix, forming abstract nouns denoting a state, quality, or collection (plural form).

4. Stress Identification:

The primary stress falls on the antepenultimate syllable: schijn.

5. Phonetic Transcription:

/ʋaːrˈsxɛinləkɦədən/

6. Edge Case Review:

Dutch syllabification generally favors open syllables (ending in a vowel). However, consonant clusters are common, and the rules prioritize maintaining affixes intact. The 'sch' cluster is treated as a single onset.

7. Grammatical Role:

"Waarschijnlijkheden" functions primarily as a plural noun. The syllabification remains consistent regardless of its grammatical role within a sentence.

8. Definition & Semantics:

• Definition: The plural form of "waarschijnlijkheid" (probability).
• Translation: Probabilities
• Grammatical Category: Noun (plural)
• Synonyms: kansen (chances), mogelijkheden (possibilities)
• Antonyms: zekerheden (certainties)
• Examples:
  • "De waarschijnlijkheden van succes zijn klein." (The probabilities of success are small.)
  • "We berekenden de waarschijnlijkheden van verschillende scenario's." (We calculated the probabilities of different scenarios.)

9. Phonological Comparison:

• Mogelijkheden: mo-ge-lijk-he-den. Similar structure with a suffix chain (-lijk-heden vs. -heden). Stress falls on the 'lijk' syllable.
• Onmogelijkheden: on-mo-ge-lijk-he-den. Similar structure, with an added prefix. Stress falls on the 'lijk' syllable.
• Verantwoordelijkheden: ver-ant-woor-de-lijk-he-den. Longer word with a different prefix, but shares the -lijk-heden suffix. Stress falls on the 'woor' syllable.

The consistent presence of the -heden suffix and the tendency for stress to fall on the syllable preceding it demonstrate a pattern in Dutch noun formation.

10. Division Rules:

• Rule 1: Vowel Peak: Each syllable must contain a vowel sound (vowel peak).
• Rule 2: Consonant Cluster Resolution: Consonant clusters are generally split to create permissible onsets and codas, but common clusters like 'sch' are kept together.
• Rule 3: Affix Integrity: Prefixes and suffixes are generally kept intact within a syllable.
• Rule 4: Stress-Timing: Dutch is a stress-timed language, influencing syllable duration and prominence.

11. Special Considerations:

The 'sch' cluster is a common exception to the general rule of splitting consonant clusters. The vowel /aː/ is a long vowel, influencing syllable weight. Regional variations in pronunciation might affect vowel quality but generally don't alter the syllabification.