Hyphenation ofпсихофармакологическое
Syllable Division:
пси-хо-фар-ма-ко-ло-ги-че-ско-е
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/psʲɪxɐfɐrmɐkɐlɐˈɡʲit͡ɕɪskəjə/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
0000001001
Primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable ('-ги-' in 'логическое').
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, initial syllable. Palatalization of 'с' due to following 'и'.
Open syllable, vowel reduction in unstressed position.
Closed syllable, consonant cluster 'р' at the end.
Open syllable, vowel reduction in unstressed position.
Open syllable, vowel reduction in unstressed position.
Open syllable, vowel reduction in unstressed position.
Open syllable, palatalization of 'г' due to following 'и'.
Open syllable, soft consonant 'ч'.
Open syllable, consonant cluster 'ск'.
Open syllable, reduced vowel 'е' in final position.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: психо-
From Greek 'psyche' (ψυχή) - mind, soul. Prefix.
Root: фармако-
From Greek 'pharmakon' (φάρμακον) - drug, medicine. Root.
Suffix: -логи-ческ-ое
Combination of Greek 'logos' (λόγος) - study, word, reason, adjectival suffix '-ческ-' and adjectival ending '-ое'.
Relating to the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.
Translation: Psychopharmacological
Examples:
"психофармакологическое лечение"
"психофармакологическое воздействие"
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Similar long structure and consonant clusters.
Similar prefix/root/suffix structure.
Similar suffix structure.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Open Syllable Principle
Russian syllabification favors syllables ending in vowels. Consonant clusters are broken to create open syllables where possible.
Sonority Sequencing Principle
Within consonant clusters, consonants are ordered by sonority (loudness), with more sonorous sounds tending to form syllable peaks.
Palatalization Influence
Palatalization of consonants influences syllable boundaries, particularly before vowels like 'и'.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
The word is a relatively recent borrowing, and pronunciation/syllabification may exhibit some regional variation.
Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is a key feature of Russian phonology and affects syllable perception.
Summary:
The word 'психофармакологическое' is a complex adjective syllabified based on the open syllable principle, with stress on the penultimate syllable. It's morphologically derived from Greek roots and suffixes, and its pronunciation reflects standard Russian phonological rules, including vowel reduction and palatalization.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "психофармакологическое" (psikhofarmakologicheskoe)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "психофармакологическое" is a complex adjective meaning "psychopharmacological." It's a relatively recent borrowing and adaptation into Russian, exhibiting a long sequence of consonants and vowels. Pronunciation follows standard Russian phonological rules, with vowel reduction in unstressed syllables.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Russian syllabification rules, which prioritize the open syllable principle (preferring syllables to end in a vowel), and considering consonant clusters, the division is as follows (detailed in the JSON output).
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- психо- (psiho-): Prefix, from Greek psyche (ψυχή) meaning "mind, soul."
- фармако- (farmako-): Root, from Greek pharmakon (φάρμακον) meaning "drug, medicine."
- -логи- (-logi-): Root, from Greek logos (λόγος) meaning "study, word, reason."
- -ческ- (-chesk-): Suffix, adjectival suffix denoting "relating to," derived from Czech/German influence.
- -ое (-oe): Ending, adjectival ending for neuter gender, nominative/accusative singular.
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable: психофармакологи́ческое.
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/psʲɪxɐfɐrmɐkɐlɐˈɡʲit͡ɕɪskəjə/
6. Edge Case Review:
The long consonant clusters (e.g., -rm-, -lg-) are typical of borrowed words in Russian and don't present unusual syllabification challenges. The palatalization of consonants before 'е' is standard.
7. Grammatical Role:
The word is primarily an adjective. Syllabification and stress remain consistent regardless of grammatical function (e.g., modifying a noun).
8. Definition & Semantics:
- Definition: Relating to the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.
- Translation: Psychopharmacological
- Grammatical Category: Adjective
- Synonyms: (limited, as it's a specific term) - психотропный (psychotropic)
- Antonyms: (difficult to define directly) - немедикаментозный (non-pharmacological)
- Examples:
- "психофармакологическое лечение" (psychopharmacological treatment)
- "психофармакологическое воздействие" (psychopharmacological effect)
9. Phonological Comparison:
- автомобильный (avtomobil'nyy): a-vto-mo-bi-l'nyy - Similar long structure, consonant clusters. Stress on the penultimate syllable.
- геополитический (geopoliticheskiy): ge-o-po-li-ti-ches-kiy - Similar prefix/root/suffix structure. Stress on the penultimate syllable.
- биологическое (biologicheskoe): bi-o-lo-gi-che-sko-e - Similar suffix structure (-ческ- vs. -ск-). Stress on the penultimate syllable.
These comparisons demonstrate a consistent pattern of penultimate stress and syllabification based on vowel-centered syllables, even with complex consonant clusters.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of splitting words into syllables and inserting hyphens between them to facilitate the reading of a text. It is also used to divide words when the word cannot fit on a line.
This technique is particularly helpful in fully justified texts, where it aids in creating a uniform edge along both sides of a paragraph. Hyphenation rules vary among languages and even among different publications within the same language. It's a critical component in typesetting, significantly influencing the aesthetics and readability of printed and digital media. For instance, in compound adjectives like 'long-term solution', hyphens clarify relationships between words, preventing misinterpretation. Moreover, hyphenation can alter meanings: 'recreation' differs from 're-creation'.
With the advent of digital text, hyphenation algorithms have become more sophisticated, though still imperfect, sometimes requiring manual adjustment to ensure accuracy and coherence in text layout. Understanding and correctly applying hyphenation rules is therefore not only a matter of linguistic accuracy but also a key aspect of effective visual communication.