Hyphenation ofтокарно-копировальный

Linguistic Analysis of "токарно-копировальный" (Russian)

1. Examination & Pronunciation:

The word "токарно-копировальный" is a complex adjectival form in Russian, derived from a compound noun. It describes something related to turning and copying, specifically in a machining context. Pronunciation involves a series of stressed and unstressed syllables, with vowel reduction occurring in unstressed positions, a common feature of Russian phonology.

2. Syllable Division:

Following Russian syllabification rules, which prioritize the sonority hierarchy and avoidance of consonant clusters at syllable boundaries, the word is divided as follows (see "syllable_division" in the JSON output).

3. Morphemic Analysis:

• токар- (tokar-) - Root. Origin: From "токарь" (tokar'), meaning "turner" (as in a lathe operator). Related to the verb "точить" (tochit'), "to sharpen, to turn".
• -но- (-no-) - Linking vowel. Serves to connect the root to the following element.
• копиров- (kopirov-) - Root. Origin: From "копировать" (kopirovat'), meaning "to copy". Ultimately from Latin "copiare".
• -а- (-a-) - Linking vowel.
• -льн- (-l'n-) - Suffix. Adjectival suffix forming a relative adjective.
• -ый (-yj) - Suffix. Adjectival ending, masculine singular nominative/accusative.

4. Stress Identification:

The primary stress falls on the third syllable: то-кар-но-ко-пи-ро-ва-ль-ный.

5. Phonetic Transcription:

/tɐˈkarnə kɐpʲɪrɐˈvalʲnɨj/

6. Edge Case Review:

The presence of the hyphenated compound structure introduces a slight complexity. However, the syllabification rules still apply consistently within each component. The vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is a key consideration.

7. Grammatical Role:

The word is an adjective. Syllabification and stress remain consistent regardless of grammatical case or number, though vowel reduction will vary depending on the case ending.

8. Definition & Semantics:

• Definition: Relating to or used in turning and copying operations, typically in machining.
• Translation: Turning-copying (adjective)
• Grammatical Category: Adjective
• Synonyms: (Context-dependent) фрезерно-копировальный (milling-copying), обрабатывающий (processing)
• Antonyms: (Difficult to define directly, as it's a specific technical term)
• Examples:
  • "токарно-копировальный станок" (tokarno-kopiroval'nyj stanok) - turning-copying lathe
  • "токарно-копировальная обработка" (tokarno-kopiroval'naya obrabotka) - turning-copying machining

9. Phonological Comparison:

• автомобильный (avtomobil'nyj): a-vto-mo-bi-l'nyj. Similar syllable structure with alternating consonants and vowels. Stress falls on the third syllable.
• электромеханический (elektromehanicheskij): e-lek-tro-me-ha-ni-che-skij. Longer word, but follows the same pattern of alternating syllables and stress on a relatively early syllable.
• инструментальный (instrumental'nyj): in-stru-men-tal'-nyj. Similar in length and complexity, with stress on the third syllable.

The key difference lies in the length and the presence of the hyphenated compound structure in "токарно-копировальный". However, the underlying syllabification principles remain consistent.

10. Division Rules:

• Sonority Principle: Syllables are formed around vowel nuclei, with consonants gravitating towards the vowels based on their sonority.
• Avoidance of Initial Consonant Clusters: Russian generally avoids starting a syllable with a consonant cluster.
• Linking Vowels: Vowels like -о- and -а- often serve as linking elements between morphemes.

11. Special Considerations:

The hyphenated structure requires careful consideration, but the syllabification rules apply independently to each part of the compound. Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is a crucial aspect of pronunciation.

12. Alternative Pronunciations/Regional Variations:

While the standard pronunciation is as given above, slight variations in vowel quality might occur depending on regional accents. However, the syllable division remains consistent.