Hyphenation ofантибиотикоустойчивый
Syllable Division:
ан-ти-би-о-ти-ко-у-стóй-чи-вый
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/ɐnʲtʲɪbʲɪˈotʲɪkɐʊstʲɪˈt͡ɕivɨj/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
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Primary stress falls on the syllable 'стóй' (stoy), indicated by '1'. All other syllables are unstressed ('0').
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, vowel 'a' as nucleus.
Open syllable, vowel 'и' as nucleus, 'т' palatalized.
Open syllable, vowel 'и' as nucleus, 'б' palatalized.
Open syllable, vowel 'о' as nucleus, unstressed.
Open syllable, vowel 'и' as nucleus, 'т' palatalized.
Open syllable, vowel 'о' as nucleus, unstressed.
Open syllable, vowel 'у' as nucleus.
Stressed syllable, vowel 'о' as nucleus, 'т' palatalized.
Open syllable, vowel 'и' as nucleus, 'ч' as affricate.
Open syllable, vowel 'ы' as nucleus.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: анти-
Greek origin, meaning 'against'.
Root: биотико-
Derived from 'биология' (biology), ultimately from Greek 'bios' (life).
Suffix: -устойчивый
Slavic origin, meaning 'resistant'.
Resistant to the effects of antibiotics.
Translation: Antibiotic-resistant
Examples:
"антибиотикоустойчивые бактерии (antibiotikouстойчивые bakterii) - antibiotic-resistant bacteria"
"проблема антибиотикоустойчивости (problema antibiotikouстойчивости) - the problem of antibiotic resistance"
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Simple open syllable structure.
Similar open syllable structure with a consonant cluster.
Demonstrates typical Russian syllable structure with vowel reduction.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Sonority Sequencing Principle
Syllables are formed around a sonority peak (vowel).
Onset-Rime Structure
Each syllable has an onset (consonant(s) before the vowel) and a rime (vowel and following consonants).
Vowel Reduction
Unstressed vowels are reduced in quality.
Palatalization
Consonants preceding 'и' are palatalized.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
The combination of consonants 'ст' is permissible as a syllable onset.
Vowel reduction is a common feature of Russian phonology.
Summary:
The word 'антибиотикоустойчивый' is a complex adjective with ten syllables, divided based on sonority sequencing and Russian phonological rules. The primary stress falls on the syllable 'стóй'. The word's structure reflects its scientific origin and incorporates features like vowel reduction and palatalization.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "антибиотикоустойчивый" (antibiotikouстойчивый)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "антибиотикоустойчивый" (antibiotikouстойчивый) is a complex adjective meaning "antibiotic-resistant." It's a relatively modern formation, heavily influenced by scientific terminology. Pronunciation follows standard Russian phonological rules, with vowel reduction in unstressed syllables being a key feature.
2. Syllable Division:
ан-ти-би-о-ти-ко-у-стóй-чи-вый
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: анти- (anti-) - Greek origin, meaning "against" or "opposed to."
- Root: биотико- (biotiko-) - derived from "биология" (biology), ultimately from Greek "bios" (life). Indicates relation to living organisms/biological processes.
- Suffix: -устойчивый (-ustoychivyy) - Slavic origin, meaning "resistant," "stable," or "durable." Forms an adjective.
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the syllable "стóй" (stoy).
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/ɐnʲtʲɪbʲɪˈotʲɪkɐʊstʲɪˈt͡ɕivɨj/
6. Syllable List with IPA and Rule Explanations:
- ан (an): /ɐn/ - Open syllable. Rule: Syllables are formed around a vowel nucleus. The consonant 'н' closes the syllable.
- ти (ti): /tʲɪ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel 'и' forms the nucleus. Palatalization of 'т' due to following 'и'.
- би (bi): /bʲɪ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel 'и' forms the nucleus. Palatalization of 'б' due to following 'и'.
- о (o): /ɔ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel 'о' forms the nucleus. Vowel reduction occurs in unstressed position.
- ти (ti): /tʲɪ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel 'и' forms the nucleus. Palatalization of 'т' due to following 'и'.
- ко (ko): /kɐ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel 'о' forms the nucleus. Vowel reduction occurs in unstressed position.
- у (u): /u/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel 'у' forms the nucleus.
- стóй (stoy): /stʲɪˈt͡ɕ/ - Stressed syllable. Rule: Vowel 'о' forms the nucleus. Stress assignment follows complex rules based on word structure and morphology.
- чи (chi): /t͡ɕɪ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel 'и' forms the nucleus. 'ч' is a single affricate phoneme.
- вый (vyj): /vɨj/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel 'ы' forms the nucleus.
7. Syllable Division Rules Applied:
- Sonority Sequencing Principle: Syllables are formed around a sonority peak (vowel).
- Onset-Rime Structure: Each syllable has an onset (consonant(s) before the vowel) and a rime (vowel and following consonants).
- Vowel Reduction: Unstressed vowels are reduced in quality.
- Palatalization: Consonants preceding 'и' are palatalized.
8. Exceptions & Special Cases:
- The combination of consonants "ст" is permissible as a syllable onset.
- The vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is a common feature of Russian phonology.
9. Grammatical Role & Syllabification Shifts:
The word is primarily an adjective. While it doesn't typically change form to function as other parts of speech, its declension (changing endings based on grammatical case) would not affect the core syllable division.
10. Alternative Pronunciations & Regional Variations:
Minor regional variations in vowel reduction might exist, but the core syllable division remains consistent.
11. Phonological Comparison:
- вода (voda) - water: во-да /vɐˈda/ - Similar open syllable structure.
- окно (okno) - window: ок-но /ˈoknə/ - Similar open syllable structure, with a consonant cluster in the onset.
- улица (ulitsa) - street: у-ли-ца /ʊˈlʲit͡sə/ - Demonstrates the typical Russian syllable structure with vowel reduction.
The key difference in "антибиотикоустойчивый" is its length and the presence of palatalized consonants, which are common in Russian but contribute to the complexity of the syllable structure.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of splitting words into syllables and inserting hyphens between them to facilitate the reading of a text. It is also used to divide words when the word cannot fit on a line.
This technique is particularly helpful in fully justified texts, where it aids in creating a uniform edge along both sides of a paragraph. Hyphenation rules vary among languages and even among different publications within the same language. It's a critical component in typesetting, significantly influencing the aesthetics and readability of printed and digital media. For instance, in compound adjectives like 'long-term solution', hyphens clarify relationships between words, preventing misinterpretation. Moreover, hyphenation can alter meanings: 'recreation' differs from 're-creation'.
With the advent of digital text, hyphenation algorithms have become more sophisticated, though still imperfect, sometimes requiring manual adjustment to ensure accuracy and coherence in text layout. Understanding and correctly applying hyphenation rules is therefore not only a matter of linguistic accuracy but also a key aspect of effective visual communication.