Hyphenation ofпсихофармакологическая
Syllable Division:
пси-хо-фар-ма-ко-ло-ги-че-ская
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/psʲɪxɐfɐrməkəlɐˈɡʲit͡ɕɪskəjə/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
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Primary stress falls on the third syllable: фар- (far-).
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, initial syllable.
Open syllable.
Closed syllable, consonant cluster 'р' closes it.
Open syllable.
Open syllable.
Open syllable.
Open syllable, palatalization of 'г' before 'и'.
Open syllable, softening of 'ч' before 'е'.
Closed syllable, consonant cluster 'ск' closes it.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: психо-
From Greek ψυχή (psyche) meaning 'mind, soul'. Denotes relation to the psyche.
Root: фармакологи-
From Greek φάρμακον (pharmakon) 'drug' and λογος (logos) 'study, word'. Denotes the study of drugs.
Suffix: -ческая
Slavic origin, adjectival suffix forming a qualitative adjective. Indicates belonging to or relating to.
Relating to the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.
Translation: Psychopharmacological
Examples:
"психофармакологическая помощь"
"психофармакологическая терапия"
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Similar structure with consonant clusters and the -ческий suffix.
Similar suffix (-ческий) and vowel-centric syllable formation.
Shares the 'психо-' prefix and the '-ческий' suffix, demonstrating consistent syllabification patterns.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Vowel-centric Syllabification
Syllables are formed around vowels. Each vowel typically forms the nucleus of a syllable.
Consonant Cluster Handling
Consonant clusters are resolved based on sonority and the presence of vowels. Consonants closing a syllable.
Palatalization
Consonants before 'и' and 'е' are often palatalized, influencing pronunciation but not syllable division.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
Consonant clusters are common in loanwords and are handled according to standard Russian phonology.
Palatalization of consonants before 'и' and 'е' is a standard feature.
Summary:
The word 'психофармакологическая' is syllabified based on vowel-centric rules, with consonant clusters forming syllable boundaries. The stress falls on the third syllable. It's a complex adjective derived from Greek and Slavic roots, meaning 'psychopharmacological'.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "психофармакологическая" (psikhofarmakologicheskaya)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "психофармакологическая" is a complex adjective meaning "psychopharmacological." It's a relatively long word, built from several morphemes, and its pronunciation follows standard Russian phonological rules.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Russian syllabification rules, which prioritize vowel-centric syllables and consider consonant clusters, the word breaks down as follows (using only original letters):
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: психо- (psycho-) - From Greek ψυχή (psyche) meaning "mind, soul." Function: denotes relation to the psyche.
- Root: фармакологи- (farmakologi-) - From Greek φάρμακον (pharmakon) meaning "drug" and λογος (logos) meaning "study, word." Function: denotes the study of drugs.
- Suffix: -ческая (-cheskaya) - Slavic origin, adjectival suffix forming a qualitative adjective. Function: indicates belonging to or relating to.
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the third syllable: пси-хо-фар-ма-ко-ло-ги-че-ская.
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/psʲɪxɐfɐrməkəlɐˈɡʲit͡ɕɪskəjə/
6. Syllable Breakdown & Rule Application:
Here's a detailed breakdown of each syllable, with IPA transcription, rule application, and potential exceptions:
- пси- /psʲɪ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Syllables are formed around vowels. The 'с' is followed by a vowel, creating a syllable boundary. Exception: Palatalization of 'с' before 'и'.
- хо- /xɐ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel-centric syllable formation.
- фар- /fɐr/ - Closed syllable. Rule: Consonant cluster 'р' closes the syllable.
- ма- /mə/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel-centric syllable formation.
- ко- /kɐ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel-centric syllable formation.
- ло- /lɐ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel-centric syllable formation.
- ги- /ɡʲɪ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel-centric syllable formation. Palatalization of 'г' before 'и'.
- че- /t͡ɕɪ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel-centric syllable formation. Softening of 'ч' before 'е'.
- ская /skəjə/ - Closed syllable. Rule: Consonant cluster 'ск' closes the syllable.
7. Edge Case Review:
The consonant clusters (ps, rm, lg, sk) are common in Russian loanwords and are generally handled without special syllabification rules beyond the basic vowel-centric approach. The palatalization of consonants before 'и' and 'е' is a standard feature of Russian phonology.
8. Grammatical Role:
The word is primarily an adjective. Syllabification and stress remain consistent regardless of its grammatical function within a sentence.
9. Definition & Semantics:
- Definition: Relating to the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.
- Translation: Psychopharmacological
- Grammatical Category: Adjective
- Synonyms: (in context) психотропный (psychotropic), медикаментозный (medicinal)
- Antonyms: (difficult to find direct antonyms, but conceptually) немедикаментозный (non-medicinal), психологический (psychological)
- Examples:
- "психофармакологическая помощь" (psychopharmacological help)
- "психофармакологическая терапия" (psychopharmacological therapy)
10. Alternative Pronunciations/Regional Variations:
While the standard pronunciation is as transcribed above, slight variations in vowel reduction (e.g., /ə/ vs. /ɐ/) can occur depending on dialect and speaking speed. These variations do not significantly alter the syllable division.
11. Phonological Comparison:
- фармацевтический (farmatsevticheskiy) - "pharmaceutical" - Syllables: фар-ма-цев-ти-че-ский. Similar structure with consonant clusters.
- биологический (biologicheskiy) - "biological" - Syllables: би-о-ло-ги-че-ский. Similar suffix (-ческий) and vowel-centric syllable formation.
- психологический (psikhologicheskiy) - "psychological" - Syllables: пси-хо-ло-ги-че-ский. Shares the "психо-" prefix and the "-ческий" suffix, demonstrating consistent syllabification patterns.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of splitting words into syllables and inserting hyphens between them to facilitate the reading of a text. It is also used to divide words when the word cannot fit on a line.
This technique is particularly helpful in fully justified texts, where it aids in creating a uniform edge along both sides of a paragraph. Hyphenation rules vary among languages and even among different publications within the same language. It's a critical component in typesetting, significantly influencing the aesthetics and readability of printed and digital media. For instance, in compound adjectives like 'long-term solution', hyphens clarify relationships between words, preventing misinterpretation. Moreover, hyphenation can alter meanings: 'recreation' differs from 're-creation'.
With the advent of digital text, hyphenation algorithms have become more sophisticated, though still imperfect, sometimes requiring manual adjustment to ensure accuracy and coherence in text layout. Understanding and correctly applying hyphenation rules is therefore not only a matter of linguistic accuracy but also a key aspect of effective visual communication.