Hyphenation ofпсихофармакологическому

Linguistic Analysis of "психофармакологическому" (psikhofarmakologicheskomu)

1. Examination & Pronunciation:

The word "психофармакологическому" is a complex adjective in Russian, meaning "psychopharmacological" (dative singular, masculine/neuter). It's a relatively long word with several morphemes. Pronunciation involves careful attention to vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, a common feature of Russian phonology.

2. Syllable Division:

Following Russian syllabification rules, the word breaks down as follows (using only original letters):

3. Morphemic Analysis:

• Prefix: психо- (psycho-) - From Greek ψυχή (psyche) meaning "mind, soul". Function: denotes the psychological aspect.
• Root: фармакологи- (farmakologi-) - From Greek φάρμακον (pharmakon) meaning "drug" and λογος (logos) meaning "study, word". Function: denotes the study of drugs.
• Suffix: -ческому ( -cheskomu) - Slavic origin. Function: Adjectival suffix indicating dative singular, masculine/neuter gender. This suffix is complex, containing multiple morphemes indicating case, gender, and number.

4. Stress Identification:

The primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable: пси-хо-фар-ма-ко-ло-ги-че-ско-му.

5. Phonetic Transcription:

/psʲɪxəfɐrməkəlɐˈɡʲit͡ɕeskəmu/

6. Syllable Breakdown & Rule Application:

Here's a detailed breakdown of each syllable, with IPA transcription, rule application, and potential exceptions:

7. Syllable Division Rules:

• Sonority Sequencing Principle: Syllables are formed around a sonority peak (vowel).
• Onset-Rime Structure: Syllables typically consist of an onset (consonant(s) before the vowel) and a rime (vowel and any following consonants).
• Consonant Clusters: Russian allows consonant clusters at the beginning and end of syllables, subject to phonotactic constraints.
• Vowel Reduction: Unstressed vowels are reduced in quality (e.g., /o/ becomes /ɐ/).

8. Edge Case Review & Exceptions:

The word is relatively straightforward in its syllabification. The main complexity lies in the long sequence of syllables and the application of vowel reduction rules. No major exceptions are present.

9. Grammatical Role & Syllabification Shifts:

The syllabification remains consistent regardless of the grammatical role. The stress position, however, could shift if the word were in a different grammatical form (e.g., nominative case).

10. Definition & Semantics:

• Word: психофармакологическому
• Translation: psychopharmacological (dative singular, masculine/neuter)
• Part of Speech: Adjective
• Definitions: Relating to the study of the effects of drugs on the mind.
• Synonyms: (difficult to find exact synonyms due to the specialized nature of the word) - лекарственному (medicinal), психиатрическому (psychiatric)
• Antonyms: (difficult to find direct antonyms) - немедикаментозному (non-pharmacological)
• Examples:
  • "Врачи применяли психофармакологическому лечению." (The doctors used psychopharmacological treatment.)

11. Phonological Comparison:

The syllable structure is consistent across these words, demonstrating the regular application of Russian syllabification rules. The presence of consonant clusters and the tendency for stress to fall on the penultimate syllable are common features.