Hyphenation ofcounterintelligence
Syllable Division:
coun-ter-in-tel-li-gence
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/ˌkaʊntərɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
010100
Primary stress falls on the third syllable from the end ('tel-'). Secondary stress falls on the first syllable ('coun-').
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, unstressed.
Closed syllable, secondary stress.
Closed syllable, unstressed.
Closed syllable, primary stress.
Open syllable, unstressed.
Closed syllable, unstressed.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: counter-
French origin, meaning 'against' or 'opposing', negation/opposition
Root: intel-
Latin origin (*intellegere* - to understand), core meaning related to intellect
Suffix: -ligence
French origin (Latin *legentia* - a reading, understanding), nominalization
Activities devoted to defeating the intelligence operations of a hostile foreign power or of its agents.
Examples:
"The agency is heavily involved in counterintelligence work."
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Shares the '-ligence' suffix and similar root structure.
Shares the 'counter-' prefix.
Shares a similar suffixal structure (-ance).
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Vowel-Consonant (VC)
Syllables are often divided after a vowel when followed by a consonant(s).
Consonant-Vowel (CV)
Syllables are often divided before a vowel when preceded by a consonant.
Vowel-R Combination
'er', 'ir', 'ur' often form a syllable.
Consonant Clusters
Syllables are divided around consonant clusters based on pronounceability.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
The word's length and complex morphology can lead to mis-syllabification.
The 'r' in 'ter' is crucial for syllable formation.
Pronunciation of 'c' and 'g' can vary based on following vowels.
Summary:
The word 'counterintelligence' is divided into six syllables: coun-ter-in-tel-li-gence. It consists of the prefix 'counter-', the root 'intel-', and the suffix '-ligence'. Primary stress falls on 'tel-'. Syllable division follows standard vowel-consonant and consonant-vowel rules, with considerations for vowel-r combinations and consonant clusters.
Detailed Analysis:
Analysis of "counterintelligence"
1. Pronunciation: The word is pronounced /ˌkaʊntərɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ in US English.
2. Syllable Division: The syllable division, adhering to the rule of using only original letters, is: coun-ter-in-tel-li-gence
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: counter- (French origin, meaning "against" or "opposing"). Morphological function: negation/opposition.
- Root: intel- (Latin intellegere - to understand). Morphological function: core meaning related to intellect.
- Suffix: -ligence (French origin, from Latin legentia - a reading, understanding). Morphological function: nominalization, forming a noun.
4. Stress Identification: The primary stress falls on the syllable '-tel-' (third syllable from the end). Secondary stress falls on 'coun-'.
5. Phonetic Transcription: /ˌkaʊntərɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/
6. Edge Case Review: The sequence "ter" can sometimes be a point of ambiguity, but in this case, it clearly forms a syllable due to the vowel sound following it. The 'r' is a rhotic consonant, common in US English, and contributes to the syllable's structure.
7. Grammatical Role: "Counterintelligence" primarily functions as a noun. While it can be used attributively (e.g., "counterintelligence operations"), the core syllabification remains consistent.
8. Definition & Semantics:
- Definition: Activities devoted to defeating the intelligence operations of a hostile foreign power or of its agents.
- Grammatical Category: Noun
- Synonyms: espionage, reconnaissance, spying
- Antonyms: cooperation, openness
- Examples: "The agency is heavily involved in counterintelligence work."
9. Phonological Comparison:
- Intelligence: in-tel-li-gence (4 syllables). Similar structure with the '-ligence' suffix. Stress pattern is different, but the final syllables are identical.
- Counteract: coun-ter-act (2 syllables). Shares the 'counter-' prefix. Syllable division is simpler due to the shorter root.
- Surveillance: sur-veil-lance (3 syllables). Shares a similar suffixal structure (-ance). The initial syllable is different, leading to a different stress pattern.
10. Syllable Analysis Breakdown:
- coun: /kaʊn/ - Open syllable, unstressed. Rule applied: Vowel followed by consonant(s). Exception: The 'c' is pronounced as /k/ due to the following 'o'.
- ter: /tər/ - Closed syllable, secondary stress. Rule applied: Consonant cluster followed by a vowel. Exception: The 'er' is a common vowel-r combination.
- in: /ɪn/ - Closed syllable, unstressed. Rule applied: Vowel followed by nasal consonant.
- tel: /tel/ - Closed syllable, primary stress. Rule applied: Vowel followed by consonant cluster.
- li: /li/ - Open syllable, unstressed. Rule applied: Vowel followed by consonant.
- gence: /dʒəns/ - Closed syllable, unstressed. Rule applied: Consonant cluster followed by vowel and consonant. Exception: The 'g' is pronounced as /dʒ/ due to the following 'e'.
11. Special Considerations: The word's length and complex morphology make it prone to mis-syllabification. The 'r' in 'ter' is crucial for syllable formation.
12. Division Rules:
- Vowel-Consonant (VC): Syllables are often divided after a vowel when followed by a consonant.
- Consonant-Vowel (CV): Syllables are often divided before a vowel when preceded by a consonant.
- Vowel-R Combination: 'er', 'ir', 'ur' often form a syllable.
- Consonant Clusters: Syllables are divided around consonant clusters based on pronounceability.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of splitting words into syllables and inserting hyphens between them to facilitate the reading of a text. It is also used to divide words when the word cannot fit on a line.
This technique is particularly helpful in fully justified texts, where it aids in creating a uniform edge along both sides of a paragraph. Hyphenation rules vary among languages and even among different publications within the same language. It's a critical component in typesetting, significantly influencing the aesthetics and readability of printed and digital media. For instance, in compound adjectives like 'long-term solution', hyphens clarify relationships between words, preventing misinterpretation. Moreover, hyphenation can alter meanings: 'recreation' differs from 're-creation'.
With the advent of digital text, hyphenation algorithms have become more sophisticated, though still imperfect, sometimes requiring manual adjustment to ensure accuracy and coherence in text layout. Understanding and correctly applying hyphenation rules is therefore not only a matter of linguistic accuracy but also a key aspect of effective visual communication.