Hyphenation ofpromise-performing

Linguistic Analysis of "promise-performing" (English - US)

1. Pronunciation Examination:

The word "promise-performing" is a compound word formed by combining "promise" and "performing." It presents challenges due to the presence of multiple morphemes, vowel clusters, and potential for varying stress patterns. The pronunciation is generally /ˈprɒmɪs pərˈfɔːrmɪŋ/.

2. Syllable Division:

Following English syllabification rules, the word is divided as follows (using only original letters): pro-mise-per-form-ing

3. Morphemic Analysis:

• Prefix: pro- (Latin, meaning "forward," "for," or "supporting"). Morphological function: prefix indicating support or advancement.
• Root: mise (from promise - Old French promesse from Latin promittere "to promise"). Morphological function: core meaning of giving an assurance.
• Root: form (Old English forma from Latin forma "shape, form"). Morphological function: core meaning of creating or shaping.
• Suffix: -ing (Old English -ing). Morphological function: progressive aspect marker, or nominalizer (creating a gerund/present participle).
• Suffix: per- (Latin, meaning "through," "thoroughly"). Morphological function: prefix indicating completion or thoroughness.

4. Stress Identification:

The primary stress falls on the second syllable of "promise" (ˈprɒmɪs) and on the second syllable of "performing" (pərˈfɔːrmɪŋ). This results in a dual-stress pattern.

5. Phonetic Transcription:

/ˈprɒmɪs pərˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

6. Edge Case Review:

The hyphenated nature of the compound word is a key consideration. While typically treated as two separate words phonologically, the compound structure influences the overall stress pattern. The vowel clusters (e.g., /ɪs/ in "promise", /ɔːr/ in "performing") are common in English and don't present unusual syllabification challenges.

7. Grammatical Role:

"Promise-performing" functions primarily as an adjective. As an adjective, the stress pattern remains consistent. If it were used as a noun (less common), the stress might shift slightly, but the syllable division would remain the same.

8. Definition & Semantics:

• Definition: Capable of fulfilling promises; reliably delivering on commitments.
• Grammatical Category: Adjective
• Synonyms: reliable, trustworthy, dependable, conscientious
• Antonyms: unreliable, untrustworthy, faithless, irresponsible
• Examples: "The promise-performing company quickly gained a loyal customer base." "She was known for her promise-performing attitude."

9. Phonological Comparison:

• Understanding: un-der-stand-ing (4 syllables, stress on 'stand'). Similar vowel clusters, but the stress pattern differs due to the root structure.
• Overcoming: o-ver-com-ing (4 syllables, stress on 'come'). Shares the '-ing' suffix, but the initial syllable structure is different.
• Problem-solving: prob-lem-solv-ing (4 syllables, stress on 'solv'). Similar compound structure, but with different root morphemes and stress placement.

Syllable Breakdown Details:

• pro-: /proʊ/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel followed by consonant(s). Exception: Initial syllable of a compound.
• mise-: /ˈmɪs/ - Closed syllable. Rule: Vowel followed by consonant(s) and a syllable boundary.
• per-: /pər/ - Open syllable. Rule: Vowel followed by consonant(s).
• form-: /fɔːrm/ - Closed syllable. Rule: Vowel followed by consonant(s) and a syllable boundary.
• ing-: /ɪŋ/ - Closed syllable. Rule: Vowel followed by nasal consonant(s) and a syllable boundary.

Exceptions/Special Cases:

• The compound structure necessitates treating "promise" and "performing" as separate units for initial stress assignment.
• The vowel clusters do not violate any syllabification rules but require careful phonetic transcription.

Division Rules Applied:

• Onset-Rime Principle: Syllables are structured around an onset (initial consonant(s)) and a rime (vowel and following consonants).
• Vowel-Centric Syllabification: Each syllable generally contains one vowel sound.
• Sonority Sequencing Principle: Sounds are ordered by decreasing sonority (vowels are most sonorous, followed by glides, liquids, nasals, fricatives, and stops).