Hyphenation ofpharmacogénétique
Syllable Division:
phar-ma-co-gé-né-ti
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/faʁ.ma.kɔ.ʒɛ.ne.tik/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
000101
Primary stress falls on the final syllable '-ti' (1). A secondary stress is present on '-gé-' (1). All other syllables are unstressed (0).
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, initial syllable.
Open syllable, contains a schwa.
Open syllable.
Open syllable, secondary stress.
Open syllable.
Closed syllable, final syllable, primary stress.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: pharmaco-
Greek origin (φάρμακον), meaning 'drug'. Forms a combining form indicating relation to drugs.
Root: génét-
Greek origin (γένεσις), meaning 'origin, birth'. Relates to heredity and genes.
Suffix: -ique
Latin origin. Adjective-forming suffix.
Relating to the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs.
Translation: Pharmacogenetics
Examples:
"La pharmacogénétique permet d'adapter les traitements médicamenteux."
"Les tests pharmacogénétiques peuvent aider à prédire l'efficacité d'un médicament."
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Similar vowel-consonant alternation and final syllable stress.
Similar syllable structure and stress pattern, presence of consonant clusters.
Similar syllable structure and stress pattern, comparable consonant clusters.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Vowel Peak
Each syllable must contain a vowel sound. Syllables are built around vowel nuclei.
Consonant Cluster Preservation
Consonant clusters are generally maintained within a syllable unless they are easily separable by a vowel sound. The 'gn' cluster is treated as a single unit.
Final Syllable Stress
Stress typically falls on the final syllable of a word in French.
Secondary Stress
Longer words may exhibit secondary stress on earlier syllables to aid pronunciation.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
The silent 'g' before 'e' does not affect syllabification but is important for pronunciation.
The length of the word necessitates the application of secondary stress rules.
The presence of the 'gn' cluster requires recognition as a single phonological unit.
Summary:
The word 'pharmacogénétique' is divided into six syllables: phar-ma-co-gé-né-ti. It is of Greek and Latin origin, primarily functioning as an adjective. Stress falls on the final syllable, with a secondary stress on 'gé'. Syllabification follows standard French rules prioritizing vowel peaks and preserving consonant clusters.
Detailed Analysis:
Analysis of "pharmacogénétique"
1. Pronunciation Considerations:
The word "pharmacogénétique" presents challenges due to its length and the presence of multiple consonant clusters. French syllable structure generally favors open syllables (ending in a vowel), but consonant clusters are permissible, particularly in learned vocabulary like this one.
2. Syllable Division:
Following French syllabification rules, which prioritize vowel sounds and avoid breaking up consonant clusters unless absolutely necessary, the word divides as follows (detailed in the JSON output).
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- pharmaco-: Prefix of Greek origin (φάρμακον, pharmakon meaning "drug"), denoting relation to drugs.
- -génét-: Root of Greek origin (γένεσις, genesis meaning "origin, birth"), relating to heredity and genes.
- -ique: Suffix of Latin origin, forming adjectives.
4. Stress Identification:
In French, stress typically falls on the last syllable of a word or phrase. However, in longer words, a secondary stress can occur earlier in the word. In "pharmacogénétique", the primary stress falls on the final syllable "-tique". A secondary stress is present on "-gé-".
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/faʁ.ma.kɔ.ʒɛ.ne.tik/
6. Edge Case Review:
The cluster "-gn-" is a common feature in French and is treated as a single unit for syllabification purposes. The "g" is silent before "e", "i", or "y".
7. Grammatical Role:
"Pharmacogénétique" functions primarily as an adjective. Syllabification and stress remain consistent regardless of its grammatical function.
8. Definition & Semantics:
- Definition: Relating to the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs.
- Translation: Pharmacogenetics
- Grammatical Category: Adjective
- Synonyms: (None readily available as a single-word synonym)
- Antonyms: (None readily available)
- Examples: "La pharmacogénétique permet d'adapter les traitements médicamenteux." (Pharmacogenetics allows for the adaptation of drug treatments.)
9. Phonological Comparison:
- biologique: bi-o-lo-gi-que. Similar syllable structure with vowel-consonant alternation. Stress on the final syllable.
- psychologique: psy-cho-lo-gi-que. Similar syllable structure and stress pattern.
- technologique: tech-no-lo-gi-que. Again, similar structure and stress. The presence of consonant clusters is comparable.
10. Syllable Division Rules Applied:
- Rule 1: Vowel Peak: Each syllable must contain a vowel sound.
- Rule 2: Consonant Cluster Preservation: Consonant clusters are generally maintained within a syllable unless they are easily separable by a vowel sound.
- Rule 3: Final Syllable Stress: Stress typically falls on the final syllable.
- Rule 4: Secondary Stress: Longer words may exhibit secondary stress on earlier syllables.
11. Special Considerations:
The word's length and complex morphology require careful application of the rules. The silent "g" before "e" doesn't affect syllabification, but it's important to note for pronunciation.
12. Regional Variations:
Pronunciation and subtle stress variations might exist across different French-speaking regions, but the core syllabification remains consistent.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of splitting words into syllables and inserting hyphens between them to facilitate the reading of a text. It is also used to divide words when the word cannot fit on a line.
This technique is particularly helpful in fully justified texts, where it aids in creating a uniform edge along both sides of a paragraph. Hyphenation rules vary among languages and even among different publications within the same language. It's a critical component in typesetting, significantly influencing the aesthetics and readability of printed and digital media. For instance, in compound adjectives like 'long-term solution', hyphens clarify relationships between words, preventing misinterpretation. Moreover, hyphenation can alter meanings: 'recreation' differs from 're-creation'.
With the advent of digital text, hyphenation algorithms have become more sophisticated, though still imperfect, sometimes requiring manual adjustment to ensure accuracy and coherence in text layout. Understanding and correctly applying hyphenation rules is therefore not only a matter of linguistic accuracy but also a key aspect of effective visual communication.