Hyphenation ofпротивобактериальный
Syllable Division:
про-ти-во-бак-те-ри-а́ль-ный
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/prɐtʲɪvɐbɐktʲɪrʲɪˈalnɨj/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
00000010
Primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable ('а́ль').
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, vowel reduction.
Closed syllable, palatalization.
Open syllable, vowel reduction.
Closed syllable, vowel reduction.
Closed syllable, palatalization.
Closed syllable, palatalization.
Stressed syllable.
Closed syllable, vowel reduction.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: противо-
Proto-Slavic origin, meaning 'against'.
Root: бактери-
Greek origin, referring to bacteria.
Suffix: -альный
Latin-derived, forming adjectives.
Relating to or effective against bacteria.
Translation: Antibacterial
Examples:
"противобактериальное мыло"
"противобактериальные препараты"
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Similar prefixation and suffixation.
Similar consonant clusters and vowel reduction.
Shares the root 'bakteri-'.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Onset-Rime Principle
Syllables are formed around a vowel nucleus with preceding consonants as the onset.
Sonority Sequencing Principle
Consonant clusters are resolved based on sonority.
Vowel Reduction
Unstressed vowels undergo reduction in quality.
Palatalization
Consonants preceding palatal vowels are palatalized.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
Vowel reduction is a key feature of Russian pronunciation and affects syllable structure.
Palatalization of consonants influences syllable boundaries.
Summary:
The word 'противобактериальный' is an eight-syllable adjective with stress on the penultimate syllable. Syllabification follows the onset-rime principle, with vowel reduction and palatalization playing significant roles. It's formed from a prefix, root, and suffix with origins in Proto-Slavic, Greek, and Latin respectively.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "противобактериальный" (protivobakterial'nyy)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "противобактериальный" is a complex adjective in Russian, meaning "antibacterial." It's a relatively long word formed through extensive prefixation and suffixation. Pronunciation involves careful attention to vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, a common feature of Russian phonology.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Russian syllabification rules, the word breaks down as follows (using only original letters):
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: противо- (protivo-) - From Proto-Slavic protivo, meaning "against," "opposed to." Function: Indicates opposition or counteraction.
- Root: бактери- (bakteri-) - From Greek βακτήριον (baktērion), meaning "small stick," referring to bacteria. Function: Denotes the presence of bacteria.
- Suffix: -альный (-al'nyy) - A suffix forming adjectives, often denoting belonging or relation. Origin: Latin -alis. Function: Creates an adjectival form.
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable: про-ти-во-бак-те-ри-а́ль-ный.
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/prɐtʲɪvɐbɐktʲɪrʲɪˈalnɨj/
6. Syllable Breakdown & Rule Application:
Here's a detailed breakdown of each syllable, with IPA transcription, rule application, and potential exceptions:
Syllable | IPA Transcription | Rule Application | Description | Exceptions/Special Cases |
---|---|---|---|---|
про | /prɐ/ | Onset-Rime: Consonant cluster 'pr' forms the onset, followed by the vowel 'о' forming the rime. | Open syllable. | Vowel reduction of 'о' to /ɐ/ in an unstressed position. |
ти | /tʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'т' is the onset, 'и' is the rime. Palatalization of 'т' due to following 'и'. | Closed syllable. | |
во | /vɐ/ | Onset-Rime: 'в' is the onset, 'о' is the rime. | Open syllable. | Vowel reduction of 'о' to /ɐ/ in an unstressed position. |
бак | /bɐk/ | Onset-Rime: 'б' is the onset, 'ак' is the rime. | Closed syllable. | Vowel reduction of 'а' to /ɐ/ in an unstressed position. |
те | /tʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'т' is the onset, 'и' is the rime. Palatalization of 'т' due to following 'и'. | Closed syllable. | |
ри | /rʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'р' is the onset, 'и' is the rime. Palatalization of 'р' due to following 'и'. | Closed syllable. | |
а́ль | /aˈlʲ/ | Onset-Rime: 'а' is the onset, 'ль' is the rime. | Stressed syllable. | |
ный | /nɨj/ | Onset-Rime: 'н' is the onset, 'ый' is the rime. | Closed syllable. | Vowel reduction of 'ы' to /ɨ/ in an unstressed position. |
7. Syllable Division Rules:
- Onset-Rime Principle: Syllables are formed around a vowel nucleus (rime), with preceding consonants forming the onset.
- Sonority Sequencing Principle: Consonant clusters are resolved based on sonority, with more sonorous sounds tending to be in the rime.
- Vowel Reduction: Unstressed vowels undergo reduction, changing their quality.
- Palatalization: Consonants preceding palatal vowels (е, ё, и, ю, я) are often palatalized.
8. Grammatical Role & Syllabification:
The word primarily functions as an adjective. While it could theoretically be used in a nominalized form, the syllabification would remain consistent.
9. Definition & Semantics:
- Word: противобактериальный (protivobakterial'nyy)
- Translation: Antibacterial
- Part of Speech: Adjective
- Definitions:
- Relating to or effective against bacteria.
- Synonyms: антибактериальный (antibakterial'nyy)
- Antonyms: бактерицидный (bakteritsidnyy - bactericidal)
- Examples:
- "противобактериальное мыло" (protivobakterial'noye mylo) - antibacterial soap
- "противобактериальные препараты" (protivobakterial'nyye preparaty) - antibacterial drugs
10. Alternative Pronunciations & Regional Variations:
While the standard pronunciation is as transcribed, slight regional variations in vowel reduction might occur. However, these variations wouldn't significantly alter the syllable division.
11. Phonological Comparison:
Word | Syllables | Syllable Structure |
---|---|---|
противовирусный (protivovirusnyy) | про-ти-во-ви-рус-ный | Similar prefixation and suffixation, vowel reduction patterns. |
антисептик (antiseptik) | ан-ти-сеп-тик | Similar consonant clusters and vowel reduction. |
бактериология (bakteriologiya) | бак-те-ри-о-ло-ги-я | Shares the root "bakteri-", demonstrating consistent syllabification of this morpheme. |
The syllable structure in "противобактериальный" is consistent with these similar words, demonstrating the application of standard Russian syllabification rules. The presence of consonant clusters and vowel reduction is a common feature in all these examples.
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