Hyphenation ofреволюционно-демократический
Syllable Division:
ре-во-лю-ци-он-но-де-мо-кра-ти-че-ский
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/rʲɪvɐlʲʉˈtsʲɪənːə dʲɪmɐˈkratʲɪt͡ɕɪskʲɪj/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
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Primary stress falls on the sixth syllable ('но' in 'революционно').
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, onset 'р', rime 'е'
Open syllable, onset 'в', rime 'о'
Open syllable, onset 'л', rime 'ю'
Open syllable, onset 'ц', rime 'и'
Open syllable, onset 'н', rime 'о'
Open syllable, onset 'н', rime 'о'
Open syllable, onset 'д', rime 'е'
Open syllable, onset 'м', rime 'о'
Open syllable, onset 'к', rime 'а'
Open syllable, onset 'т', rime 'и'
Open syllable, onset 'ч', rime 'е'
Open syllable, onset 'с', rime 'кий'
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: ре-
From Latin *re-*, indicating repetition or change of state.
Root: волюц-
From French *révolution*, ultimately from Latin *revolutio*.
Suffix: -ионн-
Adjective-forming suffix.
Relating to or characteristic of a revolutionary and democratic movement or ideology.
Translation: Revolutionary-democratic
Examples:
"революционно-демократические преобразования"
"революционно-демократические силы"
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Similar syllable structure and adjective-forming suffixes.
Similar syllable structure and adjective-forming suffixes.
Compound adjective with hyphen, similar morphological structure.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Sonority Peak Principle
Syllables are divided to maximize the sonority peak within each syllable.
Onset-Rime Structure
Each syllable consists of an onset (consonant(s) at the beginning) and a rime (vowel and any following consonants).
Palatalization
Consonants are palatalized before front vowels (е, и, ю, я).
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
The hyphenated structure requires independent syllabification of the two stems.
Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is a significant factor in pronunciation.
Summary:
The word 'революционно-демократический' is a complex adjective syllabified based on the sonority peak principle and onset-rime structure. It consists of 12 syllables with primary stress on the sixth syllable. The word is morphologically complex, combining prefixes, roots, and suffixes from Latin, French, and Greek origins. Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is a key phonetic feature.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "революционно-демократический" (revolyutsionno-demokraticheskiy)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "революционно-демократический" is a complex adjective meaning "revolutionary-democratic." It's formed by compounding two adjectival stems connected by a hyphen. Pronunciation involves careful attention to vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, a common feature of Russian phonology.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Russian syllabification rules, which prioritize the sonority peak within a syllable, the word is divided as follows (using only original letters):
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: ре- (re-) - From Latin re- meaning "again, back." In Russian, it often indicates repetition or a change of state.
- **Root:**волюц- (volyuts-) - From French révolution (revolution), ultimately from Latin revolutio.
- Suffix: -ионн- (-ionn-) - A suffix forming adjectives from verbs, indicating a quality or characteristic related to the root.
- Interfix: -о- (-o-) - Connects the two adjectival stems.
- Root: демокр- (demokr-) - From Greek dēmokratía (democracy).
- Suffix: -атическ- (-atichesk-) - A suffix forming adjectives, indicating belonging to or relating to the root.
- Suffix: -ий (-iy) - A grammatical ending indicating masculine singular nominative case.
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the sixth syllable: ре-во-лю-ци-он-но-де-мо-кра-ти-че-ский.
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/rʲɪvɐlʲʉˈtsʲɪənːə dʲɪmɐˈkratʲɪt͡ɕɪskʲɪj/
6. Syllable Breakdown & Rule Application:
| Syllable | IPA Transcription | Rule Explanation | Potential Exceptions |
|---|---|---|---|
| ре | /rʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'р' is the onset, 'е' is the rime. Russian allows for consonant clusters in onsets. | Palatalization of 'р' before 'е'. |
| во | /vɐ/ | Onset-Rime: 'в' is the onset, 'о' is the rime. | Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables. |
| лю | /lʲʉ/ | Onset-Rime: 'л' is the onset, 'ю' is the rime. Palatalization of 'л' before 'ю'. | |
| ци | /tsʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'ц' is the onset, 'и' is the rime. | |
| он | /ɔn/ | Onset-Rime: 'н' is the onset, 'о' is the rime. Vowel reduction. | |
| но | /nɔ/ | Onset-Rime: 'н' is the onset, 'о' is the rime. Vowel reduction. | |
| де | /dʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'д' is the onset, 'е' is the rime. Palatalization of 'д' before 'е'. | |
| мо | /mɐ/ | Onset-Rime: 'м' is the onset, 'о' is the rime. Vowel reduction. | |
| кра | /krɐ/ | Onset-Rime: 'к' is the onset, 'р' is the onset, 'а' is the rime. | |
| ти | /tʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'т' is the onset, 'и' is the rime. Palatalization of 'т' before 'и'. | |
| че | /t͡ɕɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'ч' is the onset, 'е' is the rime. | |
| ский | /skʲɪj/ | Onset-Rime: 'с' is the onset, 'к' is the onset, 'ий' is the rime. Palatalization of 'к' before 'ий'. |
7. Edge Case Review:
The hyphenated structure presents a slight edge case. While treated as a single word for stress, the two stems are syllabified independently.
8. Grammatical Role:
As an adjective, the stress pattern remains consistent. If used as a noun (rare, but possible in abstract contexts), the stress might shift slightly depending on the case ending.
9. Definition & Semantics:
- Definition: Revolutionary-democratic.
- Translation: Revolutionary-democratic
- Part of Speech: Adjective
- Synonyms: прогрессивный, радикальный (progressive, radical)
- Antonyms: консервативный, реакционный (conservative, reactionary)
- Examples: "революционно-демократические преобразования" (revolutionary-democratic transformations), "революционно-демократические силы" (revolutionary-democratic forces).
10. Alternative Pronunciations/Regional Variations:
Minor variations in vowel reduction might occur depending on the speaker's dialect. However, the core syllabification remains consistent.
11. Phonological Comparison:
- "социалистический" (sotsialisticheskiy): со-ци-а-лис-ти-че-ский. Similar syllable structure, stress on the penultimate syllable.
- "коммунистический" (kommunisticheskiy): ком-му-ни-сти-че-ский. Similar syllable structure, stress on the penultimate syllable.
- "национально-освободительный" (natsional'no-osvoboditel'nyy): на-ци-о-наль-но-ос-во-бо-ди-тель-ный. Similar compound structure with hyphen, stress pattern varies.
The differences in stress placement are due to the inherent weight and morphological structure of each word. The consistent application of onset-rime syllable division is maintained across all examples.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the use of hyphens to join words or parts of words. It plays a crucial role in writing, ensuring clarity and readability.
In compound terms like 'check-in', the hyphen clarifies relationships between words. It also assists in breaking words at line ends, preserving flow and understanding, such as in 'tele-communication'. Hyphenation rules vary; some words lose their hyphens with common usage (e.g., 'email' from 'e-mail'). It's an evolving aspect of language, with guidelines differing across style manuals. Understanding hyphenation improves writing quality, making it an indispensable tool in effective communication.