Hyphenation ofпротивогосударственному
Syllable Division:
про-ти-во-го-су-дар-стве-нно-му
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/prətʲɪvɐɡʊzədɐrˈstvʲɪnːəmu/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
000001000
Primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable ('стве').
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, unstressed.
Open syllable, unstressed.
Open syllable, unstressed.
Open syllable, unstressed.
Open syllable, unstressed.
Closed syllable, unstressed.
Closed syllable, stressed.
Open syllable, unstressed. Geminate consonant.
Open syllable, unstressed.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: про-
Slavic origin, indicates opposition.
Root: государств-
Slavic origin, from 'государство' (state).
Suffix: -енн-ому
Slavic origin, forms adjective and indicates dative case.
Contrary to the state; anti-state.
Translation: Anti-state
Examples:
"противогосударственная деятельность"
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Shares the root 'государств-' and similar suffixation.
Shares the prefix 'противо-' and similar stress pattern.
Shares the root 'государств-' and suffixation, with an additional prefix.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Open Syllable Principle
Syllables tend to end in vowels whenever possible.
Sonority Hierarchy
Consonant clusters are resolved based on the sonority of the consonants.
Consonant Cluster Resolution
Clusters like 'ств' are often treated as single units.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables affects pronunciation but not orthographic syllable division.
The interfix '-о-' is a common feature in Russian word formation.
Summary:
The word 'противогосударственному' is a complex Russian adjective divided into nine syllables based on the open syllable principle and sonority hierarchy. It features a Slavic prefix, root, and suffixation, with primary stress on the penultimate syllable. It means 'anti-state' and is used to describe activities or elements contrary to the state.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "противогосударственному" (Russian)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "противогосударственному" is a long, complex adjective in Russian, meaning "anti-state" or "contrary to the state." It's formed through extensive prefixation and suffixation. Pronunciation involves careful attention to vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, a common feature of Russian phonology.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Russian syllabification rules, which prioritize the open syllable principle (preferring syllables ending in vowels), and considering sonority hierarchies, the word is divided as follows (see "syllable_division" in the JSON output).
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: про- (pro-) - Origin: Slavic. Function: Indicates opposition or direction against.
- Root: государств- (gosudarstv-) - Origin: Slavic. Root of "государство" (gosudarstvo) - "state."
- Interfix: -о- (-o-) - Connects the root to the suffix.
- Suffix: -енн- (-enn-) - Origin: Slavic. Function: Forms passive participles and adjectives.
- Suffix: -ому (-omu) - Origin: Slavic. Function: Dative singular masculine/neuter adjective ending.
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable: про-ти-во-го-су-дар-стве́н-но-му.
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/prətʲɪvɐɡʊzədɐrˈstvʲɪnːəmu/
6. Edge Case Review:
Russian syllabification can be tricky with consonant clusters. The cluster "ств" is treated as a single unit due to the sonority hierarchy and the tendency to avoid syllable-initial consonant clusters.
7. Grammatical Role:
The word is an adjective in the dative singular masculine/neuter form. Syllabification and stress remain consistent regardless of grammatical case.
8. Definition & Semantics:
- Definition: Contrary to the state; anti-state.
- Grammatical Category: Adjective
- Translation: Anti-state, contrary to the state.
- Synonyms: антиправительственный (antipravitel'stvennyy) - anti-governmental.
- Antonyms: государственный (gosudarstvennyy) - state, national.
- Examples:
- "противогосударственная деятельность" (protivogosudarstvennaya deyatel'nost') - anti-state activity.
- "противогосударственному элементу" (protivogosudarstvennomu elementu) - to the anti-state element.
9. Phonological Comparison:
- государственный (gosudarstvennyy): го-су-дар-стве́н-ный. Similar syllable structure, stress on the penultimate syllable.
- противоположный (protivopolozhnyy): про-ти-во-по-ло́ж-ный. Similar prefix "противо-", stress pattern.
- общегосударственный (obshchegosudarstvennyy): об-ще-го-су-дар-стве́н-ный. Similar root and suffix, but with an additional prefix, affecting syllable count.
10. Division Rules:
- Open Syllable Principle: Syllables tend to end in vowels.
- Sonority Hierarchy: Consonant clusters are broken based on sonority, favoring the inclusion of more sonorous sounds in the syllable nucleus.
- Consonant Cluster Resolution: Clusters like "ств" are often treated as single units.
11. Special Considerations:
Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is a significant factor in pronunciation, but doesn't affect the orthographic syllable division. The presence of the interfix "-о-" is a common feature in Russian word formation.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of dividing words across lines in print or on websites. It involves inserting hyphens (-) where a word breaks to continue on the next line.
Proper hyphenation improves readability by reducing the unevenness of word spacing and unnecessary large gaps. It also helps avoid confusion that may occur when part of a word carries over. Ideal hyphenation should break words according to pronunciation and syllables. Most word processors and publishing apps have automated tools to handle hyphenation effectively based on language rules and dictionaries. Though subtle, proper hyphenation improves overall typography and reading comfort.