Hyphenation ofпротивотуберкулезному
Syllable Division:
про-ти-во-ту-бер-ку-лез-но-му
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/prɐtʲɪvɐtʊbʲɪrkʊlʲɪˈznomʊ/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
000000100
Primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable ('ле́з').
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable
Open syllable, palatalization
Open syllable
Open syllable
Closed syllable, palatalization
Open syllable
Closed syllable, palatalization
Open syllable
Open syllable
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: противо-
From Proto-Slavic *protivo*, meaning 'against, opposite'. Denotes opposition.
Root: туберкулез-
From Latin *tuberculum* via French *tuberculose*. Core meaning: tuberculosis.
Suffix: -ному
Dative singular masculine/neuter adjectival ending. Grammatical case and gender marking.
Relating to the prevention or treatment of tuberculosis.
Translation: Anti-tuberculosis
Examples:
"Противотуберкулезному лечению подверглись все дети в школе."
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Shares the 'противо-' prefix and similar adjectival structure.
Shares the 'анти-' prefix and similar adjectival suffix.
Shares the 'туберкулез-' root and similar adjectival suffix.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Open Syllable Principle
Russian favors syllables ending in vowels (CV syllables).
Sonority Hierarchy
Syllables are formed to maximize sonority (vowels are more sonorous than consonants).
Consonant Cluster Resolution
Consonant clusters are broken up to create more permissible syllable structures.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
Long consonant clusters require careful application of the open syllable principle.
Palatalization of consonants before /i/ is a common feature of Russian phonology.
Summary:
The word 'противотуберкулезному' is a complex Russian adjective meaning 'anti-tuberculosis'. Syllable division follows the open syllable principle, resolving consonant clusters and accounting for palatalization. Stress falls on the penultimate syllable. The word is morphologically composed of a prefix, root, and suffix.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "противотуберкулезному" (Russian)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "противотуберкулезному" is a long, complex adjective in Russian, meaning "anti-tuberculosis" (specifically, in the dative singular masculine/neuter form). It's formed through extensive prefixation and suffixation. Pronunciation involves a series of consonant clusters and vowel reductions typical of Russian.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Russian syllabification rules, which prioritize the open syllable principle (attempting to create CV syllables), and considering sonority hierarchies, the word breaks down as follows (using only original letters):
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: противо- (protivo-) - From Proto-Slavic protivo, meaning "against, opposite". Function: Denotes opposition or counteraction.
- Root: туберкулез- (tuberkulez-) - From Latin tuberculum (small swelling, tubercle) via French tuberculose. Function: Core meaning related to tuberculosis.
- Suffix: -ному (–nomu) - A dative singular masculine/neuter adjectival ending. Function: Grammatical case and gender marking.
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable: про-ти-во-ту-бер-ку-ле́з-но-му.
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/prɐtʲɪvɐtʊbʲɪrkʊlʲɪˈznomʊ/
6. Edge Case Review:
Russian syllabification can be tricky with consonant clusters. The rule of maximizing open syllables is key. Vowel reduction (akan'ye and ikan'ye) also affects pronunciation but doesn't change the orthographic syllable division.
7. Grammatical Role:
The word is an adjective. If it were used as a noun (though rare), the stress pattern might shift slightly, but the syllable division would remain largely the same.
8. Definition & Semantics:
- Definition: Relating to the prevention or treatment of tuberculosis.
- Translation: Anti-tuberculosis
- Grammatical Category: Adjective (Dative Singular Masculine/Neuter)
- Synonyms: антитуберкулёзный (antituberkulëznyj)
- Antonyms: None directly applicable (it's a preventative/treatment term)
- Examples:
- "Противотуберкулезному лечению подверглись все дети в школе." (All the children in the school were subjected to anti-tuberculosis treatment.)
9. Phonological Comparison:
- противовирусный (protivovirusnyj): про-ти-во-ви-рус-ный. Similar prefix and structure. Syllable division follows the same principles.
- антибактериальному (antibakterial'nomu): ан-ти-бак-те-ри-аль-но-му. Similar prefix and suffix structure. Syllable division is consistent.
- туберкулёзный (tuberkulëznyj): ту-бер-ку-лёз-ный. Shares the root "туберкулез" and demonstrates the same syllabic patterns.
Detailed Syllable Analysis:
| Syllable | IPA Transcription | Description | Rule Applied | Exceptions/Special Cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| про | /prɐ/ | Open syllable | Maximizing open syllables | |
| ти | /tʲɪ/ | Open syllable | Maximizing open syllables | Palatalization of /t/ before /i/ |
| во | /vɐ/ | Open syllable | Maximizing open syllables | |
| ту | /tʊ/ | Open syllable | Maximizing open syllables | |
| бер | /bʲɪr/ | Closed syllable | Maximizing open syllables, consonant cluster resolution | Palatalization of /b/ before /i/ |
| ку | /kʊ/ | Open syllable | Maximizing open syllables | |
| лез | /lʲɪz/ | Closed syllable | Maximizing open syllables, consonant cluster resolution | Palatalization of /l/ before /i/ |
| но | /nɐ/ | Open syllable | Maximizing open syllables | |
| му | /mʊ/ | Open syllable | Maximizing open syllables |
Exceptions/Special Cases (Word-Level):
- The long consonant clusters require careful application of the open syllable principle.
- Palatalization of consonants before /i/ is a common feature of Russian phonology and affects syllable structure.
Division Rules:
- Open Syllable Principle: Russian favors syllables ending in vowels (CV syllables).
- Sonority Hierarchy: Syllables are formed to maximize sonority (vowels are more sonorous than consonants).
- Consonant Cluster Resolution: Consonant clusters are broken up to create more permissible syllable structures.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of splitting words into syllables and inserting hyphens between them to facilitate the reading of a text. It is also used to divide words when the word cannot fit on a line.
This technique is particularly helpful in fully justified texts, where it aids in creating a uniform edge along both sides of a paragraph. Hyphenation rules vary among languages and even among different publications within the same language. It's a critical component in typesetting, significantly influencing the aesthetics and readability of printed and digital media. For instance, in compound adjectives like 'long-term solution', hyphens clarify relationships between words, preventing misinterpretation. Moreover, hyphenation can alter meanings: 'recreation' differs from 're-creation'.
With the advent of digital text, hyphenation algorithms have become more sophisticated, though still imperfect, sometimes requiring manual adjustment to ensure accuracy and coherence in text layout. Understanding and correctly applying hyphenation rules is therefore not only a matter of linguistic accuracy but also a key aspect of effective visual communication.