Hyphenation ofпротивобактериологическая
Syllable Division:
про-ти-во-бак-те-ри-о-ло-ги́-че-ская
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/prɐtʲɪvɐbɐktʲɪrʲɪlɐˈɡʲit͡ɕɪskəjə/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
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Primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable ('ги́').
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, initial syllable.
Closed syllable, palatalized consonant.
Open syllable, vowel reduction.
Closed syllable, root component.
Closed syllable, palatalized consonant.
Closed syllable, palatalized consonant.
Single vowel syllable, vowel reduction.
Open syllable, vowel reduction.
Stressed, closed syllable, palatalized consonant.
Closed syllable, affricate.
Closed syllable, suffix, vowel reduction.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: противо-
Proto-Slavic origin, meaning 'against'.
Root: бактерио-
Greek origin, relating to bacteria.
Suffix: -логическая
Greek/French origin, forms an adjective.
Relating to or combating bacteria.
Translation: Antibacterial, anti-bacteriological
Examples:
"противобактериологическая мазь"
"противобактериологическая обработка"
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Shares the root 'bakterio-', demonstrating consistent syllabification.
Similar suffix '-logiya', showing consistent syllabification patterns.
Shares the prefix 'protivo-', illustrating consistent prefix syllabification.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Onset-Rime
Syllables are formed based on the onset (initial consonant(s)) and rime (nucleus and coda).
Vowel Reduction
Unstressed vowels are reduced to schwa or other reduced forms.
Consonant Cluster Resolution
Consonant clusters are resolved based on sonority and phonotactic constraints.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
Palatalization of consonants influences syllable boundaries.
Russian avoids leaving consonants without a vowel in a syllable.
Summary:
The word 'противобактериологическая' is a complex adjective with 11 syllables, stressed on the penultimate syllable. Syllabification follows Russian rules of onset-rime structure, vowel reduction, and consonant cluster resolution. It's composed of the prefix 'противо-', root 'бактерио-', and suffix '-логическая'.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "противобактериологическая" (Russian)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "противобактериологическая" (protivobakteriologicheskaya) is a complex adjective meaning "antibacterial" or "anti-bacteriological." It's a relatively long word, heavily reliant on prefixes and suffixes, common in Russian scientific and medical terminology. Pronunciation involves careful attention to vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, a key feature of Russian phonology.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Russian syllabification rules, the word breaks down as follows (using only original letters):
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: противо- (protivo-) - From Proto-Slavic protivo, meaning "against," "opposed to." Function: Indicates opposition or counteraction.
- Root: бактерио- (bakterio-) - From Greek bakterion, meaning "small stick," referring to bacteria. Function: Denotes the presence or relation to bacteria.
- Suffix: -логическая (-logicheskaya) - Derived from Greek logikos (logical) via French. Function: Forms an adjective, indicating a characteristic or quality related to the root.
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable: про-ти-во-бак-те-ри-о-ло-ги́-че-ская.
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/prɐtʲɪvɐbɐktʲɪrʲɪlɐˈɡʲit͡ɕɪskəjə/
6. Syllable Breakdown & Rule Application:
Here's a detailed breakdown of each syllable, with IPA transcription, rule application, and potential exceptions:
| Syllable | IPA Transcription | Rule Application | Exceptions/Special Cases |
|---|---|---|---|
| про | /prɐ/ | Onset-Rime: 'p' is the onset, 'r' is the nucleus, and 'o' is the coda. Syllables cannot begin with a vowel. | Vowel reduction: 'o' is reduced to /ɐ/ in an unstressed position. |
| ти | /tʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 't' is the onset, 'i' is the nucleus. | Palatalization: 't' is palatalized due to the following 'i'. |
| во | /vɐ/ | Onset-Rime: 'v' is the onset, 'o' is the nucleus. | Vowel reduction: 'o' is reduced to /ɐ/ in an unstressed position. |
| бак | /bɐk/ | Onset-Rime: 'b' is the onset, 'a' is the nucleus, 'k' is the coda. | |
| те | /tʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 't' is the onset, 'i' is the nucleus. | Palatalization: 't' is palatalized due to the following 'i'. |
| ри | /rʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'r' is the onset, 'i' is the nucleus. | Palatalization: 'r' is palatalized due to the following 'i'. |
| о | /ɐ/ | Single vowel syllable. | Vowel reduction: 'o' is reduced to /ɐ/ in an unstressed position. |
| ло | /lɐ/ | Onset-Rime: 'l' is the onset, 'o' is the nucleus. | Vowel reduction: 'o' is reduced to /ɐ/ in an unstressed position. |
| ги́ | /ɡʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'g' is the onset, 'i' is the nucleus. | Stress: This syllable receives primary stress. Palatalization: 'g' is palatalized due to the following 'i'. |
| че | /t͡ɕɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 't͡ɕ' is the onset, 'i' is the nucleus. | Affricate: 't͡ɕ' is an affricate. |
| ская | /skəjə/ | Onset-Rime: 's' is the onset, 'k' is the coda, 'ə' is the nucleus, 'j' is a glide. | Vowel reduction: 'a' is reduced to /ə/ in an unstressed position. |
7. Edge Case Review:
Russian syllabification generally avoids leaving a consonant without a vowel. This is why "бак-те" is preferred over "ба-кте". The presence of palatalized consonants also influences syllable boundaries.
8. Grammatical Role:
The word is primarily an adjective. Syllabification and stress remain consistent regardless of its grammatical function within a sentence.
9. Definition & Semantics:
- Word: противобактериологическая (protivobakteriologicheskaya)
- Translation: Antibacterial, anti-bacteriological
- Part of Speech: Adjective
- Synonyms: антибактериальная (antibakterial'naya)
- Antonyms: бактерицидная (bakteritsidnaya - bactericidal)
- Examples:
- "противобактериологическая мазь" (protivobakteriologicheskaya maz') - antibacterial ointment
- "противобактериологическая обработка" (protivobakteriologicheskaya obrabotka) - antibacterial treatment
10. Alternative Pronunciations/Regional Variations:
While the standard pronunciation is as transcribed above, slight variations in vowel reduction can occur depending on regional accents. However, the syllable division remains consistent.
11. Phonological Comparison:
| Word | Syllables | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| бактерия (bakteriya) - bacterium | бак-те-ри-я | Shares the root "bakterio-", demonstrating consistent syllabification of this morpheme. |
| биология (biologiya) - biology | би-о-ло-ги-я | Similar suffix "-logiya", showing consistent syllabification patterns for Greek-derived suffixes. |
| противовирусный (protivovirusnyy) - antiviral | про-ти-во-ви-рус-ный | Shares the prefix "protivo-", illustrating consistent prefix syllabification. |
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