Hyphenation ofхимико-токсикологический
Syllable Division:
хи-ми-ко-ток-си-ко-ло-ги-че-ский
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/xʲɪˈmʲɪkə t̪ɐksʲɪkəˈlʲɔɡʲɪt͡ɕɪskʲɪj/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
0101011100
Primary stress falls on the second and eighth syllables (ми and ги).
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, initial consonant.
Open syllable, stressed.
Open syllable, unstressed, vowel reduction.
Closed syllable, consonant cluster.
Open syllable, stressed.
Open syllable, unstressed, vowel reduction.
Open syllable.
Open syllable, stressed.
Open syllable, affricate.
Closed syllable, final consonant cluster.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: химико-
Derived from химия (chemistry), Greek origin.
Root: токсико-
Derived from токсин (toxin), Greek origin.
Suffix: -логический
Forms an adjective, Greek/Latin origin.
Relating to both chemical and toxicological properties or studies.
Translation: Chemical-toxicological
Examples:
"химико-токсикологический анализ (chemical-toxicological analysis)"
"химико-токсикологическая экспертиза (chemical-toxicological examination)"
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Shares the -логический suffix and similar syllable structure.
Shares the -логический suffix and similar syllable structure.
Shares the -логический suffix and similar syllable structure.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Vowel-centric Syllabification
Each syllable generally contains a vowel sound.
Avoid Breaking Consonant Clusters
Consonant clusters are maintained within a syllable where possible.
Open vs. Closed Syllables
Syllables ending in a vowel are open; those ending in a consonant are closed.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
Compound word structure.
Palatalization of consonants influencing syllable weight.
Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables.
Summary:
The word 'химико-токсикологический' is a complex adjective divided into ten syllables based on vowel-centric syllabification rules. It consists of a prefix, root, and suffix, all with Greek origins. Stress falls on the second and eighth syllables. Syllable division is consistent with similar words containing the -логический suffix.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "химико-токсикологический" (Russian)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "химико-токсикологический" (khimiko-toksikologicheskiy) is a complex adjective meaning "chemical-toxicological." It's formed through compounding and suffixation. Pronunciation involves careful attention to vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, a common feature of Russian.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Russian syllabification rules, which prioritize vowel-centric syllables and avoid breaking consonant clusters where possible, the division is as follows (using only original letters):
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: химико- (khimiko-) - Derived from химия (khimiya - chemistry), ultimately from Greek khēmeía. Function: Indicates relation to chemistry.
- Root: токсико- (toksiko-) - Derived from токсин (toksin - toxin), ultimately from Greek toxikon. Function: Indicates relation to toxins.
- Suffix: -логический (-logicheskiy) - Derived from логос (logos - word, reason) via Greek and Latin. Function: Forms an adjective meaning "relating to the study of."
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable: хи-ми-ко-токси-ко-ло-ги-че-ский.
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/xʲɪˈmʲɪkə t̪ɐksʲɪkəˈlʲɔɡʲɪt͡ɕɪskʲɪj/
6. Syllable Breakdown & Rule Application:
Here's a detailed breakdown of each syllable, with IPA transcription, rule application, and potential exceptions:
| Syllable | IPA Transcription | Rule Application | Exceptions/Special Cases |
|---|---|---|---|
| хи | /xʲɪ/ | Open syllable, vowel followed by a palatalized consonant. | |
| ми | /ˈmʲɪ/ | Open syllable, vowel followed by a palatalized consonant. Stress falls here. | |
| ко | /kə/ | Open syllable, vowel follows consonant. | Vowel reduction is expected in unstressed position. |
| ток | /t̪ɐk/ | Closed syllable, consonant cluster followed by a vowel. | |
| си | /ˈsʲɪ/ | Open syllable, vowel followed by a palatalized consonant. Stress falls here. | |
| ко | /kə/ | Open syllable, vowel follows consonant. | Vowel reduction is expected in unstressed position. |
| ло | /l̪ɔ/ | Open syllable, vowel follows consonant. | |
| ги | /ˈɡʲɪ/ | Open syllable, vowel followed by a palatalized consonant. Stress falls here. | |
| че | /t͡ɕɪ/ | Open syllable, vowel followed by an affricate. | |
| ский | /skʲɪj/ | Closed syllable, consonant cluster followed by a vowel. | Final consonant cluster is common in Russian adjectives. |
7. Edge Case Review:
The compound nature of the word presents a slight challenge. However, Russian allows for relatively long words, and the syllable division follows established patterns. The presence of palatalized consonants influences syllable weight and stress placement.
8. Grammatical Role:
The word is primarily an adjective. Syllabification and stress remain consistent regardless of its grammatical function within a sentence.
9. Definition & Semantics:
- Word: химико-токсикологический (khimiko-toksikologicheskiy)
- Translation: Chemical-toxicological
- Part of Speech: Adjective
- Synonyms: (None readily available as a single-word equivalent)
- Antonyms: (Difficult to define a direct antonym)
- Examples: химико-токсикологический анализ (khimiko-toksikologicheskiy analiz - chemical-toxicological analysis); химико-токсикологическая экспертиза (khimiko-toksikologicheskaya ekspertiza - chemical-toxicological examination).
10. Alternative Pronunciations/Regional Variations:
Minor variations in vowel quality might occur depending on regional accents, but the core syllable division remains consistent.
11. Phonological Comparison:
- биологический (biologicheskiy): би-о-ло-ги-че-ский. Similar suffix structure (-логический). Syllable division is consistent.
- физиологический (fiziologicheskiy): фи-зи-о-ло-ги-че-ский. Similar suffix structure (-логический). Syllable division is consistent.
- психологический (psikhologicheskiy): пси-хо-ло-ги-че-ский. Similar suffix structure (-логический). Syllable division is consistent.
The consistency in syllable division across these words demonstrates the regularity of Russian syllabification rules, particularly concerning the -логический suffix.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of splitting words into syllables and inserting hyphens between them to facilitate the reading of a text. It is also used to divide words when the word cannot fit on a line.
This technique is particularly helpful in fully justified texts, where it aids in creating a uniform edge along both sides of a paragraph. Hyphenation rules vary among languages and even among different publications within the same language. It's a critical component in typesetting, significantly influencing the aesthetics and readability of printed and digital media. For instance, in compound adjectives like 'long-term solution', hyphens clarify relationships between words, preventing misinterpretation. Moreover, hyphenation can alter meanings: 'recreation' differs from 're-creation'.
With the advent of digital text, hyphenation algorithms have become more sophisticated, though still imperfect, sometimes requiring manual adjustment to ensure accuracy and coherence in text layout. Understanding and correctly applying hyphenation rules is therefore not only a matter of linguistic accuracy but also a key aspect of effective visual communication.