Hyphenation ofпротивотуберкулезный
Syllable Division:
про-ти-во-ту-бер-ку-ле-зный
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/prətʲɪvɐtʊbʲɪrkʊlʲɪˈznɨj/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
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Primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable ('ле́з').
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, onset 'п', rime 'ро'
Open syllable, onset 'т', rime 'и', palatalization
Open syllable, onset 'в', rime 'о'
Open syllable, onset 'т', rime 'у'
Closed syllable, onset 'б', rime 'ер', palatalization, vowel reduction
Open syllable, onset 'к', rime 'у'
Open syllable, onset 'л', rime 'е', palatalization, vowel reduction
Closed syllable, onset 'з', rime 'ный
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: противо-
Proto-Slavic origin, meaning 'against'
Root: туберкулез-
Latin origin (tuberculum), via French (tuberculose), denoting tuberculosis
Suffix: -ный
Adjectival suffix forming passive adjectives
Relating to or used in the prevention or treatment of tuberculosis.
Translation: Anti-tuberculosis, antitubercular
Examples:
"противотуберкулезный диспансер"
"противотуберкулезные препараты"
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Similar structure with consonant clusters and adjectival suffix.
Shares the adjectival suffix '-ный' and similar consonant clusters.
Shares the prefix 'дез-' and root related to infection.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Onset-Rime
Syllables are formed based on maximizing onsets and minimizing consonant clusters within rimes.
Palatalization
Consonants are palatalized before 'е' and 'и', influencing syllabification.
Vowel Reduction
Unstressed vowels are reduced in quality, affecting pronunciation but not syllabification.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
Consonant clusters require careful consideration to maximize onsets.
Palatalization of consonants before 'е' and 'и' is crucial.
Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables.
Summary:
The word 'противотуберкулезный' is an eight-syllable adjective with stress on the penultimate syllable. Syllabification follows Russian rules of maximizing onsets and accounting for palatalization and vowel reduction. It's morphologically composed of a prefix 'противо-', root 'туберкулез-', and suffix '-ный'.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "противотуберкулезный" (protivotuberkuleznyy)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "противотуберкулезный" is a complex adjective in Russian, meaning "anti-tuberculosis" or "antitubercular." It's characterized by a long sequence of consonants and vowels, posing challenges for syllabification. The pronunciation involves palatalization of consonants before 'е' and 'и'.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Russian syllabification rules, the word is divided as follows (using only original letters):
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: противо- (protivo-) - From Proto-Slavic protivo, meaning "against," "opposed to." Function: Indicates opposition or counteraction.
- Root: туберкулез- (tuberkulez-) - Derived from Latin tuberculum (small swelling, tubercle) via French tuberculose. Function: Denotes tuberculosis.
- Suffix: -ный (-nyy) - A common adjectival suffix in Russian, forming passive adjectives. Function: Creates an adjective meaning "relating to" or "affected by."
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable: про-ти-во-ту-бер-ку-ле́з-ный.
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/prətʲɪvɐtʊbʲɪrkʊlʲɪˈznɨj/
6. Syllable Breakdown & Rule Application:
Here's a detailed breakdown of each syllable, with IPA transcription, rule application, and potential exceptions:
| Syllable | IPA Transcription | Rule Application | Exceptions/Special Cases |
|---|---|---|---|
| про | /prə/ | Onset-Rime: 'п' is the onset, 'ро' is the rime. Syllable weight: Light. | |
| ти | /tʲɪ/ | Onset-Rime: 'т' is the onset, 'и' is the rime. Palatalization of 'т' before 'и'. | |
| во | /və/ | Onset-Rime: 'в' is the onset, 'о' is the rime. | |
| ту | /tʊ/ | Onset-Rime: 'т' is the onset, 'у' is the rime. | |
| бер | /bʲɛr/ | Onset-Rime: 'б' is the onset, 'ер' is the rime. Palatalization of 'б' before 'е'. | Reduction of 'е' to /ɛ/ in unstressed position. |
| ку | /kʊ/ | Onset-Rime: 'к' is the onset, 'у' is the rime. | |
| ле | /lʲɛ/ | Onset-Rime: 'л' is the onset, 'е' is the rime. Palatalization of 'л' before 'е'. | Reduction of 'е' to /ɛ/ in unstressed position. |
| зный | /znɨj/ | Onset-Rime: 'з' is the onset, 'ный' is the rime. |
7. Edge Case Review:
The sequence of consonants (т-б-к-л) requires careful consideration. Russian allows consonant clusters, but the syllabification aims to break them in a way that maximizes onsets. The palatalization of consonants before 'е' and 'и' is crucial for accurate pronunciation and syllabification.
8. Grammatical Role:
As an adjective, the word doesn't exhibit significant syllabification shifts. However, if hypothetically derived into a noun (e.g., "противотуберкулезник" - someone fighting tuberculosis), the stress and potentially some syllabification could shift.
9. Definition & Semantics:
- Word: противотуберкулезный (protivotuberkuleznyy)
- Translation: Anti-tuberculosis, antitubercular
- Part of Speech: Adjective
- Synonyms: антитуберкулёзный (antitulerkulyoznyy)
- Antonyms: None directly applicable.
- Examples:
- "противотуберкулезный диспансер" (protivotuberkuleznyy dispanser) - anti-tuberculosis dispensary
- "противотуберкулезные препараты" (protivotuberkuleznyye preparaty) - anti-tuberculosis drugs
10. Alternative Pronunciations/Regional Variations:
Regional variations in vowel reduction might occur, but the core syllabification remains consistent. Some speakers might slightly alter the vowel quality in unstressed syllables.
11. Phonological Comparison:
- антибиотик (antibiotik): ан-ти-би-о-тик. Similar structure with consonant clusters, but stress is on the penultimate syllable.
- инфекционный (infektsionnyy): ин-фек-ци-он-ный. Similar adjectival suffix (-ный), but different root and prefix.
- дезинфекция (dezinfektsiya): де-зин-фек-ци-я. Prefix 'дез-' and root 'инфекция' share similarities in consonant clusters.
The differences in syllabification arise from the specific consonant and vowel sequences in each word, and the application of Russian syllabification rules to those sequences.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of splitting words into syllables and inserting hyphens between them to facilitate the reading of a text. It is also used to divide words when the word cannot fit on a line.
This technique is particularly helpful in fully justified texts, where it aids in creating a uniform edge along both sides of a paragraph. Hyphenation rules vary among languages and even among different publications within the same language. It's a critical component in typesetting, significantly influencing the aesthetics and readability of printed and digital media. For instance, in compound adjectives like 'long-term solution', hyphens clarify relationships between words, preventing misinterpretation. Moreover, hyphenation can alter meanings: 'recreation' differs from 're-creation'.
With the advent of digital text, hyphenation algorithms have become more sophisticated, though still imperfect, sometimes requiring manual adjustment to ensure accuracy and coherence in text layout. Understanding and correctly applying hyphenation rules is therefore not only a matter of linguistic accuracy but also a key aspect of effective visual communication.