Hyphenation ofпротивотуберкулёзною
Syllable Division:
про-ти-во-ту-бер-ку-лёз-но-ю
Phonetic Transcription:(how the word sounds using IPA symbols)
/prɐˈtʲivɐtʊbʲɪrkʊˈlʲɵznəjʊ/
Stress Pattern:(which syllables are emphasized when speaking)
000000101
Primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable (лёз).
Syllables are the building blocks of words - each one typically contains a vowel sound
Open syllable, onset with consonant cluster 'pr'
Open syllable, onset with palatalized consonant 't'
Open syllable, onset with consonant 'v'
Closed syllable, onset with consonant 't'
Closed syllable, onset with palatalized consonant 'b'
Closed syllable, onset with consonant 'k'
Open syllable, onset with palatalized consonant 'l'
Open syllable, onset with consonant cluster 'zn'
Closed syllable, onset with consonant 'j'
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words: prefixes (beginning), roots (core meaning), and suffixes (ending)
Prefix: противо-
Proto-Slavic origin, meaning 'against, opposite'
Root: туберкулёз-
Latin origin (tuberculum), via French (tuberculose), referring to tuberculosis
Suffix: -ною
Feminine instrumental singular adjectival ending
Relating to or used in the prevention or treatment of tuberculosis.
Translation: anti-tuberculosis
Examples:
"Она боролась с туберкулёзом противотуберкулёзною терапией."
Words with similar syllable patterns or pronunciation features
Simple CV syllable structure, common in Russian.
Similar CV syllable structure, demonstrating basic Russian syllabification.
Longer word with multiple syllables and consonant clusters, similar to 'противотуберкулёзною'.
The linguistic principles used to determine where syllables begin and end
Onset-Rime
Syllable division occurs before the first vowel in a consonant cluster or after the onset consonant.
Open Syllable Preference
Russian syllabification tends to maximize the number of open syllables (ending in a vowel).
Palatalization
Consonants are often palatalized before front vowels (i, ё, ю, я), influencing syllable division.
Important exceptions or unusual features in this word's pronunciation or structure
Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is a significant factor in pronunciation but doesn't affect syllable division.
The presence of consonant clusters requires careful application of the onset-rime rule.
Summary:
The word 'противотуберкулёзною' is a complex Russian adjective syllabified based on onset-rime principles, prioritizing open syllables and accounting for palatalization. Stress falls on the penultimate syllable. It's morphologically composed of a prefix, root, and suffix, reflecting its meaning 'anti-tuberculosis'.
Detailed Analysis:
Linguistic Analysis of "противотуберкулёзною" (Russian)
1. Examination & Pronunciation:
The word "противотуберкулёзною" is a complex adjective meaning "anti-tuberculosis" (specifically, in the instrumental singular feminine form). It's a relatively long word with multiple prefixes and suffixes, typical of Russian morphology. Pronunciation involves careful attention to vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, a key feature of Russian phonology.
2. Syllable Division:
Following Russian syllabification rules, the word breaks down as follows (using only original letters):
3. Morphemic Analysis:
- Prefix: противо- (protivo-) - From Proto-Slavic protivo, meaning "against, opposite". Function: Denotes opposition or counteraction.
- Root: туберкулёз- (tuberkulëz-) - From Latin tuberculum (small swelling, tubercle) via French tuberculose. Function: Refers to tuberculosis.
- Suffix: -ною (-noyu) - A feminine instrumental singular adjectival ending. Function: Indicates grammatical gender, number, and case.
4. Stress Identification:
The primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable: про-ти-во-ту-бер-ку-лёз-но-ю.
5. Phonetic Transcription:
/prɐˈtʲivɐtʊbʲɪrkʊˈlʲɵznəjʊ/
6. Syllable Breakdown & Rule Application:
Here's a detailed breakdown of each syllable, with IPA transcription, rule application, and potential exceptions:
| Syllable | IPA Transcription | Rule Application | Description | Potential Exceptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| про | /prɐ/ | Onset-Rime: Consonant cluster 'pr' forms the onset, followed by the vowel 'o'. Syllable division occurs before the vowel. | Open syllable | Vowel reduction in unstressed position. |
| ти | /tʲi/ | Onset-Rime: Consonant 't' (palatalized) forms the onset, followed by the vowel 'i'. Syllable division occurs before the vowel. | Open syllable | Palatalization of 't' due to following 'i'. |
| во | /vɐ/ | Onset-Rime: Consonant 'v' forms the onset, followed by the vowel 'o'. Syllable division occurs before the vowel. | Open syllable | Vowel reduction in unstressed position. |
| ту | /tʊ/ | Onset-Rime: Consonant 't' forms the onset, followed by the vowel 'u'. Syllable division occurs before the vowel. | Closed syllable | |
| бер | /bʲɪr/ | Onset-Rime: Consonant cluster 'b' (palatalized) forms the onset, followed by the vowel 'i' and consonant 'r'. Syllable division occurs before the vowel. | Closed syllable | Palatalization of 'b' due to following 'i'. |
| ку | /kʊ/ | Onset-Rime: Consonant 'k' forms the onset, followed by the vowel 'u'. Syllable division occurs before the vowel. | Closed syllable | |
| лё | /lʲɵ/ | Onset-Rime: Consonant 'l' (palatalized) forms the onset, followed by the vowel 'ё'. Syllable division occurs before the vowel. | Open syllable | Palatalization of 'l' due to following 'ё'. |
| зно | /znɐ/ | Onset-Rime: Consonant cluster 'zn' forms the onset, followed by the vowel 'o'. Syllable division occurs before the vowel. | Open syllable | Vowel reduction in unstressed position. |
| ю | /jʊ/ | Onset-Rime: Consonant 'j' forms the onset, followed by the vowel 'u'. Syllable division occurs before the vowel. | Closed syllable |
7. Edge Case Review:
Russian syllabification generally favors open syllables (ending in a vowel). However, consonant clusters are common, and syllable division often occurs to maximize the number of open syllables. The palatalization of consonants before front vowels (i, ё, ю, я) is a crucial factor.
8. Grammatical Role:
As an adjective, the syllabification and stress remain consistent across different contexts. If the word were used as a noun (hypothetically, referring to an anti-tuberculosis measure), the stress would not shift.
9. Definition & Semantics:
- Word: противотуберкулёзною
- Translation: anti-tuberculosis (instrumental singular feminine)
- Part of Speech: Adjective
- Synonyms: антитуберкулезный (antituberkuleznyy)
- Antonyms: None directly applicable.
- Examples:
- "Она боролась с туберкулёзом противотуберкулёзною терапией." (She fought tuberculosis with anti-tuberculosis therapy.)
10. Alternative Pronunciations/Regional Variations:
While the standard pronunciation is as transcribed, some regional variations might exhibit slight differences in vowel reduction or palatalization. However, these variations would not significantly alter the syllable division.
11. Phonological Comparison:
| Word | Syllables | Syllable Structure |
|---|---|---|
| молоко (milk) | мо-ло-ко | CV-CV-CO |
| дорога (road) | до-ро-га | CV-CV-CA |
| университет (university) | у-ни-ве-р-си-те́т | CV-CV-CV-CR-CI-TET |
| противотуберкулёзною | про-ти-во-ту-бер-ку-лёз-но-ю | CV-CV-CV-CV-CR-CV-CV-CV-CV |
"противотуберкулёзною" shares the characteristic of Russian words having a relatively high number of syllables. The presence of consonant clusters (like 'pr', 'zn', 'b') is also common, but the syllable structure is more complex due to the prefixes and suffixes. The stress pattern is typical of Russian adjectives, falling on the penultimate syllable.
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What is hyphenation
Hyphenation is the process of splitting words into syllables and inserting hyphens between them to facilitate the reading of a text. It is also used to divide words when the word cannot fit on a line.
This technique is particularly helpful in fully justified texts, where it aids in creating a uniform edge along both sides of a paragraph. Hyphenation rules vary among languages and even among different publications within the same language. It's a critical component in typesetting, significantly influencing the aesthetics and readability of printed and digital media. For instance, in compound adjectives like 'long-term solution', hyphens clarify relationships between words, preventing misinterpretation. Moreover, hyphenation can alter meanings: 'recreation' differs from 're-creation'.
With the advent of digital text, hyphenation algorithms have become more sophisticated, though still imperfect, sometimes requiring manual adjustment to ensure accuracy and coherence in text layout. Understanding and correctly applying hyphenation rules is therefore not only a matter of linguistic accuracy but also a key aspect of effective visual communication.